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Table of Contents :
1 Table of Contents 2
1.1 List of Tables 10
1.2 List of Figures 13
2 Introduction 14
2.1 What Is This Report About? 14
3 Executive Summary 15
4 Definitions of Markets Covered in This Report 16
4.1 Diabetes Care Devices 16
4.2 Glucose Monitoring Devices 16
4.2.1 Blood Glucose Meters 16
4.2.1.1 Traditional Glucose Meters 16
4.2.1.2 Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems 16
4.2.2 Blood Glucose Strips 16
4.3 Insulin Delivery 16
4.3.1 InsulinPens 16
4.3.1.1 Reusable Insulin Pens 16
4.3.1.2 Disposable Insulin Pens 16
4.3.2 Insulin Syringes 17
4.3.3 Insulin Pumps 17
4.3.3.1 Traditional Insulin Pumps 17
4.3.3.2 Disposable Insulin Pumps 17
4.3.4 Traditional Insulin Pump Accessories 17
5 Healthcare Sector Review 18
5.1 Healthcare Expenditure 18
5.2 Healthcare Infrastructure 22
5.2.1 Healthcare Personnel Data 22
5.2.2 Healthcare Facilities Data 26
5.3 United States Healthcare Trade Statistics 28
6 Regulation System 29
6.1 Regulation System 29
6.2 Medical Equipment Approval Process 29
6.2.1 Pre-market Approval Process 30
6.2.2 Intended use and Indications for use 30
6.2.3 Predicate Device 31
6.2.4 Safe and Effective 31
6.2.5 Other Category Devices 33
6.2.6 Post-Market Approval Process 34
6.2.7 Compliance and Enforcement 34
6.2.8 Registration Fee 35
6.2.9 Approval Time 35
7 Pricing and Reimbursement 36
7.1 Government Policies 36
7.2 Private Insurance 37
7.3 Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) 38
8 Distribution Structure 39
8.1 Distribution Structure 39
9 Diabetes Care Devices In United States 40
9.1 Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Overall Revenue ($ mn), 2000-2015 40
9.2 Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Category Volume (Units ‘000), 2000-2015 42
9.3 Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Cross-Category Analysis, 2000-2015 44
9.4 Diabetes Care Devices: Key Market Trends 45
9.4.1 Diabetes Care Devices: Growth Drivers 45
9.4.2 Diabetes Care Devices: Growth Restraints 45
9.5 Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Company Share (2007-2008) 46
9.6 Future Outlook 47
10 Glucose Monitoring In United States 48
10.1 Glucose Monitoring Overall Revenue (2000-2015) 48
10.1.1 Blood Glucose Meters Revenue (2000-2015) 50
10.2 Glucose Monitoring Overall Volume (2000-2015) 52
10.3 Glucose Monitoring, United States, Cross Segment Analysis, 2000-2015 53
10.4 Glucose Monitoring Average Price (2000-2015) 54
10.5 Glucose Monitoring Market Dynamics 55
10.5.1 Market Drivers 55
10.5.2 Market Restraints 55
10.6 Glucose Monitoring Distribution Share (2007-2008) 55
10.7 Glucose Monitoring, United States, Company Share (2007-2008) 56
11 Insulin Delivery In United States 58
11.1 Insulin Delivery Overall Revenue (2000-2015) 58
11.2 Insulin Delivery Overall Volume (2000-2015) 61
11.3 Insulin Delivery, United States, Cross Segment Analysis, 2000-2015 63
11.4 Insulin Delivery Average Price (2000-2015) 64
11.5 Insulin Delivery Market Dynamics 66
11.5.1 Market Drivers 66
11.5.2 Market Restraints 66
11.6 Insulin Delivery Distribution Share (2007-2008) 67
11.7 Insulin Delivery, United States, Company Share (2007-2008) 68
12 Overview of Key Companies in United States Diabetes Care Devices Market 70
12.1 LifeScan, Inc. Company Profile 70
12.1.1 Company Overview 70
12.1.2 LifeScan, Inc. Pipeline Products 70
12.1.2.1 LifeScan, Inc. Pipeline Products By Equipment Type 70
12.1.2.2 LifeScan, Inc. Pipeline Products By Development Stage 70
12.1.2.3 LifeScan, Inc. Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 71
12.1.2.4 LifeScan, Inc. Pipeline Products By Clinical Trials 71
12.1.2.5 LifeScan, Inc. Pipeline Products By News Summary 71
12.2 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Company Profile 72
12.2.1 Company Overview 72
12.2.2 Value Chain Analysis 73
12.2.2.1 Manufacturing 73
12.2.2.2 Product Development 74
12.2.2.3 Sales and Marketing 75
12.2.3 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Pipeline Products 76
12.2.3.1 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Pipeline Products By Equipment Type 76
12.2.3.2 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Pipeline Products By Development Stage 76
12.2.3.3 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 76
12.3 Novo Nordisk A/S Company Profile 77
12.3.1 Company Overview 77
12.3.2 Novo Nordisk A/S Pipeline Products 77
12.3.2.1 Novo Nordisk A/S Pipeline Products by Equipment Type 77
12.3.2.2 Novo Nordisk A/S Pipeline Products by Development Stage 77
12.3.2.3 Novo Nordisk A/S Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 77
12.3.2.4 Novo Nordisk A/S Pipeline Products By Clinical Trials 77
12.4 Abbott Laboratories Company Profile 78
12.4.1 Company Overview 78
12.4.2 Value Chain Analysis 79
12.4.2.1 Manufacturing 79
12.4.2.2 Product Development 79
12.4.2.3 Sales and Marketing 81
12.4.3 Abbott Laboratories Pipeline Products 82
12.4.3.1 Abbott Laboratories Pipeline Products By Equipment Type 82
12.4.3.2 Abbott Laboratories Pipeline Products By Development Stage 82
12.4.3.3 Abbott Laboratories Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 82
12.4.3.4 Abbott Laboratories Pipeline Products By Clinical Trials 82
12.4.3.5 Abbott Laboratories Pipeline Products By News Summary 83
12.5 Bayer HealthCare AG Company Profile 84
12.5.1 Company Overview 84
12.5.2 Bayer HealthCare AG Pipeline Products 85
12.5.2.1 Bayer HealthCare AG Pipeline Products By Equipment Type 85
12.5.2.2 Bayer HealthCare AG Pipeline Products By Development Stage 85
12.5.2.3 Bayer HealthCare AG Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 85
12.5.2.4 Bayer HealthCare AG Pipeline Products By News Summary 85
12.6 Medtronic, Inc. Company Profile 86
12.6.1 Company Overview 86
12.6.2 Value Chain Analysis 87
12.6.2.1 Manufacturing 87
12.6.2.2 Product Development 87
12.6.2.3 Sales and Marketing 88
12.6.3 Medtronic, Inc. Pipeline Products 89
12.6.3.1 Medtronic, Inc. Pipeline Products By Equipment Type 89
12.6.3.2 Medtronic, Inc. Pipeline Products By Development Stage 89
12.6.3.3 Medtronic, Inc. Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 90
12.6.3.4 Medtronic, Inc. Pipeline Products By Clinical Trials 90
12.7 Eli Lilly and Company Company Profile 91
12.7.1 Company Overview 91
12.7.2 Eli Lilly and Company Pipeline Products 91
12.7.2.1 Eli Lilly and Company Pipeline Products by Equipment Type 91
12.7.2.2 Eli Lilly and Company Pipeline Products by Development Stage 91
12.7.2.3 Eli Lilly and Company Pipeline Products by Therapy Area 92
12.7.2.4 Eli Lilly and Company Pipeline Products by Clinical Trials 92
12.7.2.5 Eli Lilly and Company Pipeline Products by News Summary 92
12.8 Becton, Dickinson and Company Company Profile 93
12.8.1 Company Overview 93
12.8.2 Value Chain Analysis 94
12.8.2.1 Manufacturing 94
12.8.2.2 Product Development 95
12.8.2.3 Sales and Marketing 95
12.9 Home Diagnostics, Inc. Company Profile 96
12.9.1 Company Overview 96
12.10 Metrika, Inc. Company Profile 96
12.10.1 Company Overview 96
12.11 Nipro Diabetes Systems,Inc. Company Profile 96
12.11.1 Company Overview 96
12.12 AgaMatrix, Inc. Company Profile 97
12.12.1 Company Overview 97
12.12.2 AgaMatrix, Inc. Pipeline Products 97
12.12.2.1 AgaMatrix, Inc. Pipeline Products By Equipment Type 97
12.12.2.2 AgaMatrix, Inc. Pipeline Products By Development Stage 97
12.12.2.3 AgaMatrix, Inc. Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 97
12.13 DexCom, Inc. Company Profile 98
12.13.1 Company Overview 98
12.13.2 DexCom, Inc. Pipeline Products 98
12.13.2.1 DexCom, Inc. Pipeline Products By Equipment Type 98
12.13.2.2 DexCom, Inc. Pipeline Products By Development Stage 98
12.13.2.3 DexCom, Inc. Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 99
12.13.2.4 DexCom, Inc. Pipeline Products By News Summary 99
12.14 Freedom Meditech, Inc. Company Profile 100
12.14.1 Company Overview 100
12.14.2 Freedom Meditech, Inc. Pipeline Products 100
12.14.2.1 Freedom Meditech, Inc. Pipeline Products By Equipment Type 100
12.14.2.2 Freedom Meditech, Inc. Pipeline Products By Development Stage 100
12.14.2.3 Freedom Meditech, Inc. Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 100
12.15 GlucoLight Corporation Company Profile 101
12.15.1 Company Overview 101
12.15.2 GlucoLight Corporation Pipeline Products 101
12.15.2.1 GlucoLight Corporation Pipeline Products By Equipment Type 101
12.15.2.2 GlucoLight Corporation Pipeline Products By Development Stage 101
12.15.2.3 GlucoLight Corporation Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 101
12.15.2.4 GlucoLight Corporation Pipeline Products By Clinical Trials 102
12.15.2.5 GlucoLight Corporation Pipeline Products By News Summary 102
12.16 iSense Corporation Company Profile 103
12.16.1 Company Overview 103
12.16.2 iSense Corporation Pipeline Products 103
12.16.2.1 iSense Corporation Pipeline Products By Equipment Type 103
12.16.2.2 iSense Corporation Pipeline Products By Development Stage 103
12.16.2.3 iSense Corporation Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 103
12.16.2.4 iSense Corporation Pipeline Products By News Summary 103
12.17 Sensys Medical, Inc. Company Profile 104
12.17.1 Company Overview 104
12.17.2 Sensys Medical, Inc. Pipeline Products 104
12.17.2.1 Sensys Medical, Inc. Pipeline Products By Equipment Type 104
12.17.2.2 Sensys Medical, Inc. Pipeline Products By Development Stage 104
12.17.2.3 Sensys Medical, Inc. Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 105
12.17.2.4 Sensys Medical, Inc. Pipeline Products By Clinical Trials 105
13 Financial Deals Landscape 106
13.1 Acquisition 106
13.1.1 Mediscience Technology Acquires SensiVida Medical Systems 106
13.2 Partnerships 107
13.2.1 Edwards Lifesciences Enters Into an Agreement with DexCom 107
14 Recent Developments 108
14.1 Strategy and Business Planning 108
14.1.1 Mar 10, 2009: Medtronic MiniMed Considers San Antonio and Kansas City for Expansion 108
14.2 Legal and Regulatory 109
14.2.1 Mar 11, 2009: Medtronic Announces Dismissal of Lawsuit 109
14.2.2 Jan 07, 2009: BD Settles Lawsuit with Ultimed 109
14.2.3 Nov 25, 2008: Bayer HealthCare Reaches $97.5 Million Settlement With US DOJ 109
14.3 Government and Public Interest 110
14.3.1 Mar 19, 2009: FDA: Insulin Pens and Insulin Cartridges Must Not Be Shared 110
14.3.2 Nov 11, 2008: New Nanomaterial Could Be Breakthrough for Implantable Medical Devices 111
14.3.3 Nov 04, 2008: Georgia Researchers to Study Impact Of Insulin Pump 111
14.3.4 Oct 27, 2008: Researchers Developing Artificial Pancreas to Treat Type 1 Diabetics 113
14.4 Product News 114
14.4.1 Mar 25, 2009: Smiths Medical Announces Intent to Stop Selling Deltec Cozmo Insulin Pumps 114
14.4.2 Feb 26, 2009: FDA Approves Sanofi-aventis' Apidra SoloSTAR 114
14.4.3 Feb 11, 2009: Insulet Corporation’s OmniPod System Selected as Finalist for the 2009 Edison Best New Product Awards 115
14.4.4 Feb 09, 2009: ARKRAY Announces FDA Approval to Market GLUCOCARD 01-mini Blood Glucose Monitoring System 115
14.4.5 Dec 23, 2008: Generex Receives Approval for Oral-lyn 116
14.4.6 Nov 13, 2008: Echo Therapeutics to Present Clinical Study Results Of Its Symphony Transdermal Continuous Glucose Monitoring System 116
14.4.7 Oct 02, 2008: Tosoh G8 HPLC Analyzer for Diabetes Monitoring and HbA1c Testing Cleared By FDA 116
15 Appendix 118
15.1 GlobalData Research Methodology 118
15.2 Coverage 119
15.3 Secondary Research 120
15.4 Primary Research 120
15.5 Models 121
15.6 Forecasts 121
15.7 Expert Panel Validation 122
15.8 Currency Conversion 123
15.9 Contact Us 124
15.10 Disclaimer 124
1.1 List of Tables
Table 1: United States Healthcare Expenditure, 2000-2007 19
Table 2: United States Personal Healthcare Expenditure by Type, $ Billions, 2000-2007 20
Table 3: United States Personal Healthcare Expenditure by Source, $ Billions, 2000-2007 21
Table 4: Total Number of Doctors in the United States, 2003-2010 22
Table 5: Number of Doctors by Specialty in the United States, 2003-2010 23
Table 6: Doctors by Region (Number per 10,000 Civilian Population), 2002-2004 24
Table 7: Doctors by Region (Number per 10,000 Civilian Population), 2002-2004 (Cont.) 25
Table 8: Total Hospitals in the United States, 2000-2004 26
Table 9: Community Hospitals by Number of Beds in the United States, 2000-2004 26
Table 10: Number of Hospital Beds in the United States, 2000-2004 26
Table 11: Number of Hospital Beds by Range in the United States, 2000-2004 27
Table 12: United States Healthcare Trade Statistics, 2001-2006 28
Table 13: Medical Equipment Registration Fee in United States, 2007 35
Table 14: Medical Device Approval Time in United States, 2007 35
Table 15: Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Overall Revenue ($ mn), Historic, 2000-2008 40
Table 16: Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Overall Revenue ($ mn), Forecast, 2008-2015 41
Table 17: Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Category Volume (Units ‘000), Historic, 2000-2008 42
Table 18: Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Category Volume (Units ‘000), Forecast, 2008-2015 43
Table 19: Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Portfolio Analysis, 2000-2015 44
Table 20: Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Company Share by Revenue ($ mn), 2007-2008 46
Table 21: Glucose Monitoring, United States, Revenue ($ mn) by Segment, Historic, 2000-2008 48
Table 22: Glucose Monitoring, United States, Revenue ($ mn) by Segment, Forecast, 2008-2015 49
Table 23: Blood Glucose Meters, United States, Revenue ($ mn) by Sub-Segment, Historic, 2000-2008 50
Table 24: Blood Glucose Meters, United States, Revenue ($ mn) by Sub-Segment, Forecast, 2008-2015 51
Table 25: Glucose Monitoring, United States, Volume (Units ‘000), Historic, 2000-2008 52
Table 26: Glucose Monitoring, United States, Volume (Units ‘000), Forecast, 2008-2015 52
Table 27: Glucose Monitoring, United States, Cross Segment Analysis, 2000-2015 53
Table 28: Glucose Monitoring, United States, Average Price ($), Historic, 2000-2008 54
Table 29: Glucose Monitoring, United States, Average Price ($), Forecast, 2008-2015 54
Table 30: Glucose Monitoring, United States, Distribution Share by Revenue ($mn), 2007-2008 55
Table 31: Glucose Monitoring, United States, Company Share by Revenue ($ mn), 2007-2008 56
Table 32: Insulin Delivery, United States, Revenue ($ mn) by Segment, Historic, 2000-2008 58
Table 33: Insulin Delivery, United States, Revenue ($ mn) by Segment, Forecast, 2008-2015 60
Table 34: Insulin Delivery, United States, Volume (Units ‘000), Historic, 2000-2008 61
Table 35: Insulin Delivery, United States, Volume (Units ‘000), Forecast, 2008-2015 62
Table 36: Insulin Delivery, United States, Cross Segment Analysis, 2000-2015 63
Table 37: Insulin Delivery, United States, Average Price ($), Historic, 2000-2008 64
Table 38: Insulin Delivery, United States, Average Price ($), Forecast, 2008-2015 65
Table 39: Insulin Delivery, United States, Distribution Share by Revenue ($mn), 2007-2008 67
Table 40: Insulin Delivery, United States, Company Share by Revenue ($ mn), 2007-2008 68
Table 41: LifeScan, Inc. Pipeline Products by Equipment Type 70
Table 42: LifeScan, Inc. Pipeline Products By Development Stage 70
Table 43: LifeScan, Inc. Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 71
Table 44: LifeScan, Inc. Pipeline Products By Clinical Trials 71
Table 45: LifeScan, Inc. Pipeline Products By News Summary 71
Table 46: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Pipeline Products by Equipment Type 76
Table 47: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Pipeline Products By Development Stage 76
Table 48: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 76
Table 49: Novo Nordisk A/S Pipeline Products by Equipment Type 77
Table 50: Novo Nordisk A/S Pipeline Products By Development Stage 77
Table 51: Novo Nordisk A/S Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 77
Table 52: Novo Nordisk A/S Pipeline Products By Clinical Trials 77
Table 53: Abbott Laboratories Pipeline Products by Equipment Type 82
Table 54: Abbott Laboratories Pipeline Products By Development Stage 82
Table 55: Abbott Laboratories Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 82
Table 56: Abbott Laboratories Pipeline Products By Clinical Trials 82
Table 57: Abbott Laboratories Pipeline Products By News Summary 83
Table 58: Bayer HealthCare AG Pipeline Products by Equipment Type 85
Table 59: Bayer HealthCare AG Pipeline Products By Development Stage 85
Table 60: Bayer HealthCare AG Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 85
Table 61: Bayer HealthCare AG Pipeline Products By News Summary 85
Table 62: Medtronic, Inc. Pipeline Products by Equipment Type 89
Table 63: Medtronic, Inc. Pipeline Products By Development Stage 89
Table 64: Medtronic, Inc. Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 90
Table 65: Medtronic, Inc. Pipeline Products By Clinical Trials 90
Table 66: Eli Lilly and Company Pipeline Products by Equipment Type 91
Table 67: Eli Lilly and Company Pipeline Products by Development Stage 91
Table 68: Eli Lilly and Company Pipeline Products by Therapy Area 92
Table 69: Eli Lilly and Company Pipeline Products by Clinical Trials 92
Table 70: Eli Lilly and Company Pipeline Products by News Summary 92
Table 71: AgaMatrix, Inc. Pipeline Products by Equipment Type 97
Table 72: AgaMatrix, Inc. Pipeline Products By Development Stage 97
Table 73: AgaMatrix, Inc. Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 97
Table 74: DexCom, Inc. Pipeline Products by Equipment Type 98
Table 75: DexCom, Inc. Pipeline Products By Development Stage 98
Table 76: DexCom, Inc. Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 99
Table 77: DexCom, Inc. Pipeline Products By News Summary 99
Table 78: Freedom Meditech, Inc. Pipeline Products by Equipment Type 100
Table 79: Freedom Meditech, Inc. Pipeline Products By Development Stage 100
Table 80: Freedom Meditech, Inc. Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 100
Table 81: GlucoLight Corporation Pipeline Products by Equipment Type 101
Table 82: GlucoLight Corporation Pipeline Products By Development Stage 101
Table 83: GlucoLight Corporation Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 101
Table 84: GlucoLight Corporation Pipeline Products By Clinical Trials 102
Table 85: GlucoLight Corporation Pipeline Products By News Summary 102
Table 86: iSense Corporation Pipeline Products by Equipment Type 103
Table 87: iSense Corporation Pipeline Products By Development Stage 103
Table 88: iSense Corporation Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 103
Table 89: iSense Corporation Pipeline Products By News Summary 103
Table 90: Sensys Medical, Inc. Pipeline Products by Equipment Type 104
Table 91: Sensys Medical, Inc. Pipeline Products By Development Stage 104
Table 92: Sensys Medical, Inc. Pipeline Products By Therapy Area 105
Table 93: Sensys Medical, Inc. Pipeline Products By Clinical Trials 105
Table 94: Mediscience Technology Acquires SensiVida Medical Systems 106
Table 95: Edwards Lifesciences Enters Into An Agreement With DexCom 107
Table 96: USD to Local Currency, Average Exchange Rate 2008 123
1.2 List of Figures
Figure 1: United States, Healthcare Expenditure by Source, 2007 19
Figure 2: Healthcare Expenses Segmentation by End User, 2007 20
Figure 3: United States, Healthcare Infrastructure, Top Level View, 2007 22
Figure 4: Medical Equipment Approval Process in the United States, 2007 30
Figure 5: PMA Approval Process in the United States, 2007 32
Figure 6: The 510(k) Approval Process for Medical Devices in the United States, 2007 33
Figure 7: Reimbursement Structure in the United States, 2007 38
Figure 8: Distribution Structure of Medical Equipment in the United States, 2007 39
Figure 9: Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Overall Revenue ($ mn), Historic, 2000-2008 40
Figure 10: Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Overall Revenue ($ mn), Forecast, 2008-2015 41
Figure 11: Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Category Volume (Units ‘000), Historic, 2000-2008 42
Figure 12: Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Category Volume (Units ‘000), Forecast, 2008-2015 43
Figure 13: Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Cross-Category Analysis, 2000-2015 44
Figure 14: Diabetes Care Devices, United States, Company Share (%), 2008 46
Figure 15: Glucose Monitoring, United States, Revenue ($ mn) by Segment, Historic, 2000-2008 48
Figure 16: Glucose Monitoring, United States, Revenue ($ mn) by Segment, Forecast, 2008-2015 49
Figure 17: Blood Glucose Meters, United States, Revenue ($ mn) by Sub-Segment, Historic, 2000-2008 50
Figure 18: Blood Glucose Meters, United States, Revenue ($ mn) by Sub-Segment, Forecast, 2008-2015 51
Figure 19: Glucose Monitoring, United States, Cross Segment Analysis, 2000-2015 53
Figure 20: Glucose Monitoring, United States, Company Share (%), 2008 56
Figure 21: Insulin Delivery, United States, Revenue ($ mn) by Segment, Historic, 2000-2008 58
Figure 22: Insulin Delivery, United States, Revenue ($ mn) by Segment, Forecast, 2008-2015 60
Figure 23: Insulin Delivery, United States, Cross Segment Analysis, 2000-2015 63
Figure 24: Insulin Delivery, United States, Company Share (%), 2008 68
Figure 25: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Value Chain Analysis 73
Figure 26: Abbott Laboratories Value Chain Analysis 79
Figure 27: Medtronic, Inc. Value Chain Analysis 87
Figure 28: Becton, Dickinson and Company Value Chain Analysis 94
Figure 29: GlobalData Methodology 119
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