Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) slipped from an all-time high in production of 885 GWh in 2008 to 862 GWh in 2009. New capacity becoming operational in 2010 pushed production to 1121 GWh and an estimated 1475 GWh in 2011. The wholesale value from this technology, also known as Solar Thermal power, generated $68 USD million in 2008, $102 million in 2009, to $362 million in 2010. 2011 sales should top a half billion dollars at an estimated $545 million. 

The cost of the installed base of CSP at the end of 2011 is estimated at $9.5 billion. Of that roughly 93% of the installed base value is in parabolic trough technology. By 2015, that percentage is forecast to drop to 70% as power tower, also called central receiving station technology, becomes more common. The other two CSP technologies, linear Fresnel reflector and the Stirling engine/dish design are decidedly lacking although there are a few small projects going forward. 

The seemingly smooth upward curve of CSP productions hides some facts that will impinge future growth. At least 2,250 MW of planned CSP capacity was suddenly switched to PV due to the lower installation costs of PV, among other reasons. Also hidden by the high Spanish feed-in tariff is the somewhat low capacity of the plants in Spain due to less than ideal solar resources. Due to the global debt crisis, Spain had considered cutting its artificially high feed-in tariff, but to preserve investor confidence, has chosen to delay bringing some plants online and limiting the output of others. 

Thermal energy storage (TES) became a big topic in 2011 with demonstrations of 24 hour generation at a plant in Spain less than four months after startup. Seven to eight hours’ storage appears to be the norm for parabolic trough plants at a cost of roughly an additional 10-11 % of the plant cost but can yield capacity factors over 50%, a key to profitability. Power towers operating at higher temperatures can achieve 10- 15 hours storage at a slightly less cost penalty. 

New development and construction activities will intensify in 2012 in Australia, India, and China. China has licensed technology from eSolar and plans to build 2 GW of combined CSP/biomass plants in the next decade. India too has created a 20 GW by 2020 solar wish list. Australia continues to study the technology and is building a world study center of power tower technology. 

As 2011 ends, the global capacity of utility-scale CSP will be right at 2 GW with approximately another 2500 to 3500 MW to be operational in 2012, depending on several factors. While some forecasters believe the US concentrating solar power capacity alone will reach 6 GW by 2015, SBI Energy analysis points to factors that suggest an installation rate that while consistent with the opportunities CSP represents, is more indicative of the current global economic and political realities. These factors include the events known as the Islamic Spring, the overall lingering economic doldrums, and current photovoltaic pricing wars as well as utility concerns regarding implementation of renewables on a large scale. While these concerns are not permanent, they will retard implementation of CSP for a few years. 

CSP Energy tends to be CSP installation has been directly linked to government interest in the technology. CSP Global Markets provides insight into the current and future utility scale electrical generation CSP markets at both the plant and component level, with particular attention to the solar field elements which represent over 50% of the plant's cost. For every major component, global market size is provided and forecast through 2020 based on the SBI Energy's evaluation of the factors affecting the market growth as a whole. 

Scope and Methodology of Report 

Market Definition and History 

General CSP Process Description for electricity generation 

Figure 2-1 CSP process schematic 

Market Categories 

Parabolic troughs 

Figure 2-2 Parabolic trough design 

Figure 2-3 Parabolic trough mirror/receiver detail 

Power Towers 

Figure 2-4 Power tower design 

Figure 2-5 Power tower mirror/receiver detail 

Dish/Engine Systems 

Figure 2-6 Dish/Engine design 

Figure 2-7 Dish/engine concentration system detail 

Linear Fresnel Reflectors 

Figure 2-8 Fresnel lens optics 

Figure 2-9 Linear Fresnel reflector detail 

Thermal Storage 

Figure 2-10 Thermal storage schematic detail 

Hybrid Plants 

Figure 2-11 Hybrid Plant Schematic 

Figure 2-12 Hybrid plant power source by hour of the day 

Concentrating Solar for Heat Generation 

Industrial uses of solar heat 

Figure 2-13 CSP -Solar Heat schematic 

Figure 2-14 CSP -Global Industrial use 

Residential uses of solar heat 

Figure 2-15 CSP -US Residential installations 

Comparison of Market Categories 

Table 2-1 Features of CSP Categories 

Table 2-2 Power Generation efficiency by CSP category 

CSP Market Factors 

Climatic Factors 

Table 2-3 Climatic factors vs. Solar Energy Process 

Figure 2-16 Geographic distribution of climatic factors 

Power Distribution Factors 

Table 2-4 Comparison of HVAC vs. HVDC 

Table 2-5 Power generation factors vs. distance to market 

Figure 2-17 Contribution to power grid by CSP category 

Cooling Process Factors 

Table 2-6 Cooling Options 

Figure 2-18 Water cooling schematic 

Figure 2-19 Dry cooling schematic 

The Renewable Power Industry 

Value of Electricity from Renewable Sources 

Public policies affect on Renewable Power Generation 

Policies to Promote Renewable Energy Sources 

Production Tax Credits 

Renewable Portfolio Standards 

Renewable Power Direct Marketing 

Renewable Feed-in-Tariff 

Fossil Fuel Emissions Caps 

Table 2-7 Pros and Cons of public policy use to promote renewable energy generation 

Table 2-8 International public policies 

Research investments in Renewable Energy 

Table 2-9 US government investment in Renewable Energy through 2010 

Table 2-10 Global public investment in Renewable Energy through 2010 

Research Efforts in Solar Power 

Table 2-11 US government investment in Solar Power through 2010 

Table 2-12 US government investment in Solar Power currently allocated 

Table 2-13 Global public investment in Solar Power through 2010 

Table 2-14 Global public investment in Solar Power currently allocated 

Figure 2-20 Public Investments vs. Solar power delivered though 2010 

Figure 2-21 Public Investments vs. Solar power projected 2011- 2020 

Research Efforts in CSP 

Table 2-15 US government investment in CSP Technologies through 2010 

Table 2-16 US government investment in CSP Technologies currently allocated 

Table 2-17 Global public investment in CSP Technologies through 2010 

Table 2-18 Global public investment in CSP Technologies currently allocated 

Figure 2-22 Public Investments vs. CSP power delivered though 2010 

Figure 2-23 Public Investments vs. CSP power projected 2011- 2020 

Renewable Energy Market Size and Growth 

Basis of Forecasts 

PV 

Figure 2-24 US PV Market 2007 - 2011, Nameplate MW Installed 

Figure 2-25 US PV Market 2007 - 2011, Power Output, MW 

Figure 2-26 US ROI on PV Investments 2007 - 2011 

Figure 2-27 US PV Market 2012 - 2016, Nameplate MW Planned 

Figure 2-28 Global PV Market 2007 - 2011, Nameplate MW Installed 

Figure 2-29 Global PV Market 2007 - 2011, Power Output, MW 

Figure 2-30 Global PV Market 2012-2016, Nameplate MW Planned 

Geothermal power 

Figure 2-31 US Geothermal power Market 2007 - 2011, Nameplate MW Installed 

Figure 2-32 US Geothermal power Market 2007 - 2011, Power Output, MW 

Figure 2-33 US ROI on Geothermal power Investments 2007 - 2011 

Figure 2-34 US Geothermal power Market 2012 - 2016, Nameplate MW Planned 

Figure 2-35 Global Geothermal power Market 2007 - 2011, Nameplate MW Installed 

Figure 2-36 Global Geothermal power Market 2007 - 2011, Power Output, MW 

Figure 2-37 Global Geothermal power Market 2012 - 2016, Nameplate MW Planned Biopower 

Figure 2-38 US Biopower Market 2007 - 2011, Nameplate MW Installed 

Figure 2-39 US Biopower Market 2007 - 2011, Power Output, MW 

Figure 2-40 US ROI on Biopower Investments 2007 - 2011 

Figure 2-41 US Biopower Market 2012 - 2016, Nameplate MW Planned 

Figure 2-42 Global Biopower Market 2007 - 2011, Nameplate MW Installed 

Figure 2-43 Global Biopower Market 2007 - 2011, Power Output, MW 

Figure 2-44 Global Biopower Market 2012, 2016, Nameplate MW Planned Photovoltaics 

Figure 2-45 US PV Market 2007 - 2011, Nameplate MW Installed 

Figure 2-46 US PV Market 2007 - 2011, Power Output, MW 

Figure 2-47 US ROI on PV Investments 2007 - 2011 

Figure 2-48 US PV Market 2012 - 2016, Nameplate MW Planned 

Figure 2-49 Global PV Market 2007 - 2011, Nameplate MW Installed 

Figure 2-50 Global PV Market 2007 - 2011, Power Output, MW 

Figure 2-51 Global PV Market 2012 - 2016, Nameplate MW Planned Concentrating Solar Power 

Figure 2-52 US CSP Market 2007 - 2011, Nameplate MW Installed 

Figure 2-53 US CSP Market 2007 - 2011, Power Output 

Figure 2-54 US CSP Market 2007 - 2011, Cost per Unit Installed 

Figure 2-55 US CSP Market 2012, 2016, Nameplate MW Planned 

Figure 2-56 US CSP Market 2012, 2016, Cost per Unit Planned 

Figure 2-57 Global CSP Market 2007 - 2011, Nameplate MW Installed 

Figure 2-58 Global CSP Market 2007 - 2011, Power Output, MW 

Figure 2-59 Global CSP Market 2007 - 2011, Cost per Unit Installed 

Figure 2-60 Global CSP Market 2012 - 2016, Nameplate MW Planned 

Figure 2-61 Global CSP Market 2012, 2016, Cost per Unit Planned Concentrating Solar Process Heat 

Figure 2-62 US CSP Market 2007 - 2011, Installations and Capacity 

Figure 2-63 US CSP Market 2007 - 2011, Power Savings 

Figure 2-64 US CSP Market 2007 - 2011, Cost per Unit Installed 

Figure 2-65 US CSP Market 2012, 2016, Nameplate MW Planned 

Figure 2-66 US CSP Market 2012, 2016, Cost per Unit Planned 

Figure 2-67 Global CSP Market 2007 - 2011, Planned installations and capacity 

Figure 2-68 Global CSP Market 2007 - 2011, Planned Power Savings 

Figure 2-69 Global CSP Market 2007 - 2011, Cost per Unit Installed 

Figure 2-70 Global CSP Market 2012 - 2016, Nameplate MW Planned 

Figure 2-71 Global CSP Market 2012, 2016, Cost per Unit Planned 

CSP Global Market Initiative (CSP- GMI) 

Table 3-1 Goals of the CSP-GMI 

Figure 3-1 CSP-GMI Regions 

Middle East --North Africa (MENA) 

MENA Regional issues 

Desertec Industrial Initiative 

Dii GmbH 

Table 3-2 Desertec Supporting Organizations 

Figure 3-2 Desertec claims regarding CSP potential 

Figure 3-3 Desertec vision of MENA power generation and distribution 

Figure 3-4 MENA Regions suitable for CSP vs. implementation issues 

Figure 3-5 MENA Regions suitable for CSP vs. market demand 

Southwest United States-Mexico (USMEX) 

USMEX Regional issues 

Figure 3-6 USMEX Regions suitable for CSP vs. implementation issues 

USMEX Regional markets 

Figure 3-7 USMEX Regions suitable for CSP vs. market demand 

Southern Europe (SoEur) 

SoEur Regional issues 

Figure 3-8 SoEur Regions suitable for CSP vs. implementation issues 

SoEur Regional markets 

Figure 3-9 SoEur Regions suitable for CSP vs. market demand 

National Markets 

Algeria 

Algerian development activities to date 

Table 3-3 Algerian development efforts through 2011 

Algerian installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-4 Algerian installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Algerian-specific issues 

Algerian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-10 Algerian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Australia 

Australian development activities to date 

Table 3-5 Australian development efforts through 2011 

Australian installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-6 Australian installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Australian-specific issues 

Australian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-11 Australian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Brazil 

Brazilian development activities to date 

Table 3-7 Brazilian development efforts through 2011 

Brazilian installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-8 Brazilian installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Brazilian-specific issues 

Brazilian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-12 Brazilian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-13 Chilean CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

China 

Chinese development activities to date 

Table 3-9 Chinese development efforts through 2011 

Chinese installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-10 Chinese installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Chinese-specific issues 

Chinese CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-14 Chinese CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Egypt 

Egyptian development activities to date 

Table 3-11 Egyptian development efforts through 2011 

Egyptian installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-12 Egyptian installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Egyptian-specific issues 

Egyptian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-15 Egyptian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Greece 

Grecian development activities to date 

Table 3-13 Grecian development efforts through 2011 

Grecian installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-14 Grecian installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Grecian-specific issues 

Grecian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-16 Grecian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

India 

Indian development activities to date 

Table 3-15 Indian development efforts through 2011 

Indian installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-16 Indian installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Indian-specific issues 

Indian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-17 Indian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Iran 

Iranian development activities to date 

Table 3-17 Iranian development efforts through 2011 

Iranian installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-18 Iranian installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Iranian-specific issues 

Iranian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-18 Iranian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Israel 

Israeli development activities to date 

Table 3-19 Israeli development efforts through 2011 

Israeli installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-20 Israeli installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Israeli-specific issues 

Israeli CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-19 Israeli CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Italy 

Italian development activities to date 

Table 3-21 Italian development efforts through 2011 

Italian installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-22 Italian installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Italian-specific issues 

Italian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-20 Italian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Jordan 

Jordanian development activities to date 

Table 3-23 Jordanian development efforts through 2011 

Jordanian installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-24 Jordanian installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Jordanian-specific issues 

Jordanian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-21 Jordanian CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Mexico 

Mexican development activities to date 

Table 3-25 Mexican development efforts through 2011 

Mexican installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-26 Mexican installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Mexican-specific issues 

Mexican CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-22 Mexican CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Morocco 

Moroccan development activities to date 

Table 3-27 Moroccan development efforts through 2011 

Moroccan installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-28 Moroccan installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Moroccan-specific issues 

Moroccan CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-23 Moroccan CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

South Africa 

South African development activities to date 

Table 3-29 South African development efforts through 2011 

South African installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-30 South African installed and planned capacities through 2011 

South African-specific issues 

South African CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-24 South African CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Spain 

Spanish development activities to date 

Table 3-31 Spanish development efforts through 2011 

Spanish installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-32 Spanish installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Spanish-specific issues 

Spanish CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-25 Spanish CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

United States 

US development activities to date 

Table 3-33 US development efforts through 2011 

US installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-34 US installed and planned capacities through 2011 

US-specific issues 

US CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

Figure 3-26 US CSP market forecast 2012 - 2016 

African Nation’s Activities 

Other African national development activities to date 

Table 3-35 Other African national development efforts through 2011 

Other African nation’s installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-36 Other African nation’s installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Other-African national specific issues 

Other National Activities 

Other national development activities to date 

Table 3-37 Other national development efforts through 2011 

Other nation’s installed and planned capacities 

Table 3-38 Other nation’s installed and planned capacities through 2011 

Other national specific issues 

Basis of Forecasts 

Figure 4-1 Components as a percentage of plant costs 

Engineering, Construction, and Procurement Companies 

Table 4-1 ECP firms for installed and planned CSP facilities 

Figure 4-2 Market share by EPC firm 

High Tech Components 

Mirrors, Frames and Cleaning Systems 

Desired properties of CSP mirrors 

Mirrors: Glass, plastic film. or polished metal 

Table 4-2 Feature comparison between mirror materials 

Research in material choice 

Table 4-3 Global research in mirror materials 

Table 4-4 Research in CSP mirrors 

Installed and planned installations of mirrors 

Table 4-5 Installed mirrors by material options 

Table 4-6 Planned installations of mirrors by material options 

Mirrors Producers 

Table 4-7 Global mirror manufacturers, installed and planned 

Mirror Market and Forecasts 

Figure 4-3 US and Global CSP Mirror Market: 2007 - 2011 

Figure 4-4 US and Global CSP Mirror Market: 2012 - 2016 

Figure 4-5 US and Global CSP Mirror Market: 2016 - 2020 

Frame systems 

Table 4-8 Global CSP Frames manufacturers, installed and planned 

Figure 4-6 US and Global CSP Frames Market: 2007 - 2011 

Figure 4-7 US and Global CSP Frames Market: 2012 - 2016 

Cleaning Systems 

Table 4-9 Cleaning system manufacturers, installed and planned 

Figure 4-8 US and Global CSP Cleaning System Market: 2007 - 2011 

Figure 4-9 US and Global CSP Cleaning System Market: 2012 - 2016 

Receivers and Heat Flow Systems 

Receiver, receiver support and interconnections 

Desirable properties in receivers 

Table 4-10 Feature comparison between Receiver designs 

Research in Receiver Design 

Table 4-11 Research in receiver design and materials 

Installed and planned installations of mirrors 

Table 4-12 Installed receivers by design 

Table 4-13 Planned installations of receivers by design 

Current Receiver Producers 

Table 4-14 Manufacturers of receiver components 

Receiver Market and Forecasts 

Figure 4-10 US and Global CSP Receiver Market: 2007 - 2011 

Figure 4-11 US and Global CSP Receiver Market: 2012 - 2016 

Collection, piping, valves and traps 

Issues unique to CSP 

Operating temperature range 

Environmental conditions 

Length of service 

Longevity of service 

Accessibility for preventative maintenance and performance issues 

Table 4-15 Collection and piping issues unique to CSP 

Companies with installed piping systems and experience 

Table 4-16 Companies with installed piping systems and experience 

Collection as a function of plant parameters 

Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) 

Desirable properties in HTF 

Table 4-17 Feature comparison between HTF systems 

Research in heat transfer fluids 

Table 4-18 Research in heat transfer fluids 

Installed and planned installations of HTF 

Table 4-19 Heat transfer fluids in installed CSP plants 

Table 4-20 Heat transfer fluids selected for planned CSP plants 

HTF Market and Forecast 

Figure 4-12 US and Global CSP HTF Market: 2007 - 2011 

Figure 4-13 US and Global CSP HTF Market: 2012 - 2016 

Established Components 

Steam Generation Plant 

Table 4-21 Unique CSP Steam Plant Requirements/ Opportunities 

Figure 4-14 US and Global CSP Steam Plant Installations 

Figure 4-15 US and Global CSP Steam Plant Market Forecast 2012 - 2017 

Cooling 

Table 4-22 Unique CSP Cooling Requirements/ Opportunities 

Figure 4-16 US and Global CSP Cooling Installations 

Figure 4-17 US and Global CSP Cooling Market Forecast 2012 - 2017 

Thermal Storage by Molten Salts 

Table 4-23 Unique CSP Thermal Storage Requirements/ Opportunities 

Figure 4-18 US and Global CSP Thermal Storage Installations 

Figure 4-19 US and Global CSP Thermal Storage Market Forecast 2012 - 2017 

Sun Tracking Systems 

Table 4-24 Unique CSP Sun Tracking Requirements/ Opportunities 

Figure 4-20 US and Global CSP Sun Tracking Installations 

Figure 4-21 US and Global CSP Sun Tracking Market Forecast 2012 - 2017 

Materials of Construction 

Figure 4-22 Percentage of cost of CSP installations by material of construction 

Significant issues concerning materials of construction: availability, cost 

Steel 

Table 4-25 Steel usage in CSP 

Figure 4-23 US and Global steel market forecast in CSP, 2012 -2016 

Copper 

Table 4-26 Copper usage in CSP 

Figure 4-24 US and Global copper market forecast in CSP, 2012 -2016 

Brass 

Table 4-27 Brass usage in CSP 

Figure 4-25 US and Global brass market forecast in CSP, 2012 -2016 

Aluminum 

Table 4-28 Aluminum usage in CSP 

Figure 4-26 US and Global aluminum market forecast in CSP, 2012 -2016 

Concrete 

Table 4-29 Concrete usage in CSP 

Figure 4-27 US and Global concrete market forecast in CSP, 2012 -2016 

Molten Salts 

Table 4-30 Molten salts usage in CSP 

Figure 4-28 US and Global molten salts market forecast in CSP, 2012 -2016 

Silica 

Table 4-31 Silica usage in CSP 

Figure 4-29 US and Global silica market forecast in CSP, 2012 -2016 

Promotion of CSP Market 

General environmental movement 

Figure 5-1 Growth in public demand for renewable energy sourcing 

Desire for energy independence 

Table 5-1 History of energy independence efforts in the US 

Fear of lack of access to oil 

Table 5-2 Relationship between the “Islamic Spring” uprisings, oil resources, and CSP investments 

Fear of nuclear power 

Table 5-3 Shifts in perception of nuclear power after 2010 Japanese tsunami 

Electrical Distribution by Region 

Figure 5-2 Schematic of generic electric grid 

North America 

US electric grid 

Table 5-4 Role of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), 

Figure 5-3 Major distribution lines of continental US electric grid 

Electricity generation in Hawaii and Alaska 

Figure 5-4 Major distribution lines of Hawaiian and Alaskan electric grids 

Table 5-5 Role of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), 

Table 5-6 Upgrades to US electric grid to handle full CSP production by 2030 

Canadian electric grid 

Figure 5-5 Major distribution lines of Canadian electric grid 

Mexican and Central American electric grid 

Table 5-7 Status of Mexican and Central American electric grids 

Figure 5-6 Major distribution lines within Central America 

Table 5-8 Upgrades to Central American electric grid to handle full CSP production by 2030 

South America 

Table 5-9 Status of South America’s electric grid 

Figure 5-7 Major distribution lines within South America 

Table 5-10 Upgrades to South American electric grid to handle full CSP production by 2030 

Europe and Russia 

Electrical Distribution within Europe 

Table 5-11 Status of European electric grid 

Figure 5-8 Major distribution lines within Europe 

Table 5-12 Upgrades to European electric grid to handle full CSP production by 2030 

Electrical Distribution within Russia 

Table 5-13 Status of Russian electric grid 

Figure 5-9 Major distribution lines within Russia 

Table 5-14 Upgrades to Russian electric grid to handle full CSP production by 2030 

Asia, India, and China 

Electrical Distribution within Asia 

Table 5-15 Status of Asia’s electric grids 

Figure 5-10 Major distribution lines within Asia 

Table 5-16 Upgrades to Asian electric grid to handle full CSP production by 2030 

Electrical Distribution within India 

Table 5-17 Status of India’s electric grids 

Figure 5-11 Major distribution lines within India 

Table 5-18 Upgrades to Indian electric grid to handle full CSP production by 2030 

Electrical Distribution within China 

Table 5-19 Status of China’s electric grids 

Figure 5-12 Major distribution lines within China 

Table 5-20 Upgrades to Chinese electric grid to handle full CSP production by 2030 

Australia 

Electrical Distribution within Australia 

Table 5-21 Status of Australia’s electric grids 

Figure 5-13 Major distribution lines within Australia 

Table 5-22 Upgrades to Australian electric grid to handle full CSP production by 2030 

Africa 

Electrical Distribution within Africa 

Table 5-23 Status of Africa’s electric grids 

Figure 5-14 Major distribution lines within Africa 

Table 5-24 Upgrades to African electric grid to handle full CSP production by 2030 

CSP Market Trends 

Investment Climate 

Figure 5-15 Investments over time and world events 

Public opinion 

Figure 5-16 Public demand for solar energy 

Proliferation of demonstration plants 

Table 5-25 Recent demonstration plants 

Ease of entry compared to other renewable energies 

Table 5-26 New construction costs as a function of location and energy source 

Continued need for premium pricing 

Figure 5-17 Relative declines in power generation by energy type 

3M 

Abengoa USA/ Abengoa Spain 

ACCIONA Solar Power/ACCIONA Energia 

Alanod 

Albiasa Solar 

Ausra 

Beacon Solar 

Boeing 

Bright Source Energy 

Carrizo Energy 

Cristaleria Espanola 

Dow chemical 

DuPont 

Ener-T Global 

Epuron 

Eskom 

E-solar 

EuroTrough 

Flabeg 

Florida Power and Light 

Grupo Enhol 

HelioDynamics 

Industrial Solar Technology Corp 

Inland Energy 

Naugatuck Glass 

Paneltec Corp 

Pilkington 

Radco Industries 

ReflecTech 

Samca 

SCHOTT Solar 

Sener Group 

Siemens 

Sinoy Mirror 

Sky Fuel 

SoquiMich 

Solar Millennium AG 

Solar Power Group 

Solel Solar Systems 

Solargenix Energy 

Sopogy 

Stirling Energy Systems 

Public End Users 

Utility Companies 

Table 7-1 US Utilities operating CSP 

Public perception of renewable energy 

Figure 7-1 Changes in public perception over time 

Perception of CSP vs. other renewable energy sources 

Trends in public perception 

Public willingness to pay premium pricing for renewable energy 

Figure 7-2 Distribution of premium price options and acceptance 

Industrial End Users 

Uses by industry 

Table 7-2 CSP Industrial Applications 

Motivation factors for industrial users 

Table 7-3 Leading motivators for industrial CSP use 

Implementation Trends of industrial users 

Table 7-4 Implementation Trends of Industrial CSP Applications 

Appendices 

Selected marketers contact information 

Selected Organizations, Research Institutes, and Universities- contact information 

Installed and Planned CSP Facilities 

Selected CSP Facilities: Profiles and contact information