The V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) Communications Ecosystem: 2019 – 2030 – Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies & Forecasts

Abstract
Commonly referred to as V2X, vehicle-to-everything communications technology allows vehicles to directly communicate with each other, roadside infrastructure, and other road users to deliver an array of benefits in the form of road safety, traffic efficiency, smart mobility, environmental sustainability, and driver convenience. In addition, V2X is also helping pave the way for fully autonomous driving through its unique non line-of-sight sensing capability which allows vehicles to detect potential hazards, traffic, and road conditions from longer distances and sooner than other in-vehicle sensors such as cameras, radar, and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging).

Although legacy V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) technologies are currently in operational use worldwide for ETC (Electronic Toll Collection) and relatively simple V2I applications, advanced V2X systems – capable of supporting V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle), V2I and other forms of V2X communications – are beginning to gain broad commercial acceptance with two competing technologies vying for the attention of automakers and regulators: the commercially mature IEEE 802.11p/DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications) standard, and the relatively new 3GPP-defined C-V2X (Cellular V2X) technology which has a forward evolutionary path towards 5G.

With an initial focus on road safety and traffic efficiency applications, Toyota and GM (General Motors) have already equipped some of their vehicle models with IEEE 802.11p-based V2X technology in Japan and North America. Among other commercial commitments, Volkswagen will begin deploying IEEE 802.11p on volume models in Europe starting from 2019, while Geely and Ford plan to integrate C-V2X in their new vehicles by 2021 and 2022 respectively. It is also worth nothing that a number of luxury automakers – including BMW, Daimler, Volkswagen's subsidiary Audi, and Volvo Cars – already deliver certain V2X-type applications through wide-area cellular connectivity and supporting infrastructure such as appropriately equipped roadwork trailers.

Despite the ongoing 802.11p/DSRC versus C-V2X debate, regulatory uncertainty and other challenges, global spending on V2X communications technology is expected to grow at a CAGR of more than 170% between 2019 and 2022. SNS Telecom & IT predicts that by the end of 2022, V2X will account for a market worth $1.2 Billion, with an installed base of nearly 6 Million V2X-equipped vehicles worldwide.

The “V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) Communications Ecosystem: 2019 – 2030 – Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies & Forecasts” report presents an in-depth assessment of the V2X ecosystem including market drivers, challenges, enabling technologies, application scenarios, use cases, business models, key trends, standardization, spectrum availability/allocation, regulatory landscape, V2X deployment case studies, opportunities, future roadmap, value chain, ecosystem player profiles and strategies. The report also presents market size forecasts from 2019 till 2030. The forecasts cover four submarkets, two air interface technologies, 10 application categories and five regions.

The report comes with an associated Excel datasheet suite covering quantitative data from all numeric forecasts presented in the report.

Content
Table of Contents

1 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Executive Summary
1.2 Topics Covered
1.3 Forecast Segmentation
1.4 Key Questions Answered
1.5 Key Findings
1.6 Methodology
1.7 Target Audience
1.8 Companies & Organizations Mentioned

2 Chapter 2: An Overview of V2X Communications
2.1 What is V2X Communications?
2.2 Key Characteristics of V2X Communications
2.2.1 Types of V2X Communications
2.2.1.1 V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle)
2.2.1.2 V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure)
2.2.1.3 V2P/V2D (Vehicle-to-Pedestrian/Device)
2.2.1.4 V2M (Vehicle-to-Motorcycle)
2.2.1.5 V2N (Vehicle-to-Network)
2.2.1.6 V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid), V2H (Vehicle-to-Home) & Adjacent-Concepts
2.2.2 Transmission Modes
2.2.2.1 Direct
2.2.2.2 Multi-Hop
2.2.2.3 Network-Assisted
2.2.3 V2X Message Sets & Service Capabilities
2.2.3.1 Periodic Awareness: CAM (Cooperative Awareness Message)/BSM (Basic Safety Message) Part 1
2.2.3.2 Event Triggered Safety Alerts: DENM (Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages)/BSM Part 2
2.2.3.3 CPM (Collective Perception Message)
2.2.3.4 MCM (Maneuver Coordination Message)
2.2.3.5 SPaT (Signal Phase & Timing)
2.2.3.6 MAP (Map Data Message)
2.2.3.7 GNSS Correction
2.2.3.8 SSM/SRM (Signal Status & Request Messages)
2.2.3.9 PSM (Personal Safety Message)
2.2.3.10 IVIM (Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Information Message), TIM/RSM (Traveler Information/Road Safety Message)
2.2.3.11 BIM (Basic Information/Infrastructure Message)
2.2.3.12 MCDM (Multimedia Content Dissemination Message)
2.2.3.13 Video & Sensor Information Exchange
2.2.3.14 Standard Voice & Data Services
2.2.3.15 PVD (Probe Vehicle Data)
2.2.3.16 PDM (Probe Data Management)
2.2.3.17 Other V2X-Specific Message Types
2.3 Wireless Technologies for V2X Communications
2.3.1 IEEE 802.11p/DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)
2.3.2 C-V2X (Cellular V2X)
2.4 V2X Architecture & Key Elements
2.4.1 Vehicular OBUs (On-Board Units)
2.4.2 Non-Vehicular V2X-Capable Devices
2.4.3 RSUs (Roadside Units)
2.4.4 V2X Applications
2.4.4.1 V2X Application Software
2.4.4.2 V2X Middleware & Application Server
2.4.5 V2X Control Function & Cellular Network-Specific Elements
2.4.6 V2X Security Subsystem
2.5 Key Applications Areas
2.5.1 Road Safety
2.5.2 Traffic Management & Optimization
2.5.3 Navigation & Traveler/Driver Information
2.5.4 Transit & Public Transport
2.5.5 Commercial Vehicle Operations
2.5.6 Emergency Services & Public Safety
2.5.7 Environmental Sustainability
2.5.8 Road Weather Management
2.5.9 Autonomous Driving & Advanced Applications
2.5.10 Value-Added Services
2.6 V2X Business Models
2.6.1 B2C (Business-to-Consumer): Premium Charge for Non-Safety Critical Applications
2.6.2 B2B (Business-to-Business): V2X Capabilities for Enterprise Vehicle Fleets, Road Operators & Transportation Agencies
2.6.3 B2B2X (Business-to-Business-to-Consumer/Business): Monetization Through Intermediaries
2.7 Market Drivers
2.7.1 Safety: Towards a Zero-Accident Environment
2.7.2 Traffic Efficiency: Minimizing Congestion & Streamlining Traffic Flow
2.7.3 Lessening the Environmental Impact of Transportation
2.7.4 Facilitating the Adoption of Smart Mobility Applications
2.7.5 Enabling Autonomous & Convenient Driving
2.7.6 Economic & Societal Benefits
2.7.7 Government-Led Efforts to Encourage V2X Adoption
2.7.8 Maturation of Enabling Wireless Technologies
2.8 Market Barriers
2.8.1 Lack of Critical Mass of V2X Equipped Vehicles
2.8.2 V2X Mandate Delays & Regulatory Uncertainties
2.8.3 The IEEE 802.11p vs. C-V2X Debate
2.8.4 Spectrum Sharing & Harmonization
2.8.5 Security & Privacy Concerns
2.8.6 Technical Complexity of Implementation
2.8.7 Business Model Challenges
2.8.8 Public Acceptance

3 Chapter 3: Key Enabling Technologies for V2X Communications
3.1 Legacy DSRC/ITS Technologies
3.1.1 CEN DSRC/MDR-DSRC/TTT-DSRC
3.1.2 915 MHz/UHF RFID
3.1.3 Active DSRC Systems
3.1.4 HDR DSRC
3.1.5 ITS Spot/ETC 2.0
3.1.6 VICS (Vehicle Information and Communications System)
3.2 IEEE 802.11p-Based DSRC Systems
3.2.1 WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment)
3.2.2 ITS-G5/C-ITS
3.2.3 ITS Connect/ARIB STD-T109
3.2.4 Other Variants
3.3 C-V2X Technology
3.3.1 LTE-V2X
3.3.2 5G NR-V2X
3.3.3 Interfaces for C-V2X Communications
3.3.3.1 PC5/Sidelink for Direct V2V, V2I & V2P Communications
3.3.3.1.1 Network-Coordinated Scheduling: PC5/Sidelink Transmission Mode 3
3.3.3.1.2 Distributed Scheduling: PC5/Sidelink Transmission Mode 4
3.3.3.2 LTE/NR-Uu for V2N Communications
3.4 Other Wireless Technologies
3.5 Complementary Technologies & Concepts
3.5.1 On-Board Sensors & ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems)
3.5.1.1 Sensing Capabilities for Safety & Awareness
3.5.1.2 Enabling Sophisticated ADAS Applications
3.5.2 Vehicle Safety Systems
3.5.2.1 Active Safety Systems
3.5.2.2 Passive Safety & Countermeasures
3.5.3 Other In-Vehicle Systems
3.5.3.1 HMI (Human Machine Interface)/Display Systems
3.5.3.2 Augmented Reality & HUDs (Head-Up-Displays)
3.5.4 GNSS & Precise Positioning
3.5.4.1 Enabling Lane-Level Accuracy for V2X Applications
3.5.5 Big Data & Advanced Analytics
3.5.5.1 Streaming & Processing Massive Volumes of V2X-Generated Data
3.5.5.2 The Significance of Advanced Analytics
3.5.6 Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning
3.5.6.1 Self-Learning for Complex V2X Applications
3.5.6.2 Powering Fully-Autonomous Vehicles
3.5.7 Cloud Computing
3.5.7.1 Centralized Processing for Delay-Tolerant & Wide-Area Applications
3.5.8 Edge Computing
3.5.8.1 Delivering Localized Processing Power for Latency-Sensitive V2X Applications
3.5.9 Network Slicing
3.5.9.1 Flexible Allocation of C-V2X Resources over Mobile Networks

4 Chapter 4: V2X Application Scenarios & Use Cases
4.1 Road Safety Applications
4.1.1 V2V Safety Applications
4.1.1.1 Longitudinal Collision Risk Warning
4.1.1.1.1 Forward Collision Warning
4.1.1.1.2 Frontal/Head-On Collision Warning
4.1.1.2 Side Collision Risk Warning
4.1.1.3 Intersection Collision Risk Warning
4.1.1.4 Emergency Electronic Brake Lights
4.1.1.5 Intersection Movement Assistance
4.1.1.6 Intersection Priority Management
4.1.1.7 Blind Spot Warning
4.1.1.8 Lane Change Assistance
4.1.1.9 Highway Merge Assistance
4.1.1.10 Do Not Pass Warning
4.1.1.11 Left/Right Turn Assistance
4.1.1.12 Pre-Crash Sensing & Mitigation
4.1.1.13 Post-Crash Warning
4.1.1.14 Queue Warning
4.1.1.15 Slow or Stationary Vehicle Warning
4.1.1.16 Vehicle Breakdown Warning
4.1.1.17 Control Loss Warning
4.1.1.18 Safety System Malfunction Warning
4.1.1.19 Wrong Way Driving Warning
4.1.1.20 Drowsy or Distracted Driver Warning
4.1.1.21 Overtaking Vehicle Warning
4.1.1.22 Tailgating Advisory
4.1.1.23 Transit Vehicle at Station/Stop Warnings
4.1.1.24 Vehicle Turning in Front of a Transit Vehicle Warning
4.1.1.25 V2V Situational Awareness
4.1.1.26 Decentralized Floating Vehicle Data
4.1.1.27 V2V Road Condition & Feature Notification
4.1.1.28 V2V Hazardous Location Alert
4.1.1.29 Cooperative Glare Reduction
4.1.1.30 Virtual Tow
4.1.2 V2I Safety Applications
4.1.2.1 In-Vehicle Signage, Speed Limits & Safety Information
4.1.2.2 Infrastructure-Assisted Collision Risk Warning
4.1.2.3 V2I-Based Emergency Brake Alert
4.1.2.4 Public Transport & Emergency Vehicle Prioritization
4.1.2.5 Intersection Safety & Management
4.1.2.6 Red Light Violation Warning
4.1.2.7 Railroad Crossing Violation Warning
4.1.2.8 Stop Sign Violation Warning
4.1.2.9 Stop Sign Movement Assistance
4.1.2.10 Blind Merge Warning
4.1.2.11 Exit Ramp Deceleration Warning
4.1.2.12 Wrong Way Entry Warning
4.1.2.13 Work Zone Warning
4.1.2.14 Curve Speed Warning
4.1.2.15 Reduced Speed Zone Warning
4.1.2.16 Lane Closure or Shift Warning
4.1.2.17 Restricted Lane Warnings
4.1.2.18 Oversize Vehicle Warning
4.1.2.19 Low Bridge Warning
4.1.2.20 Low Parking Structure Warning
4.1.2.21 V2I Situational Awareness
4.1.2.22 V2I Road Condition & Feature Notification
4.1.2.23 V2I Hazardous & Accident Prone Location Alert
4.1.2.24 Dynamic Roadside Lighting
4.1.2.25 Adaptive Headlamp Aiming
4.1.3 V2P/V2D, V2M & Other Safety Applications
4.1.3.1 Pedestrian, Cyclist & Other VRU (Vulnerable Road User) Detection
4.1.3.2 VRU Collision Warning
4.1.3.3 Pedestrian in Signalized Crosswalk Warning
4.1.3.4 Mobile Accessible Pedestrian Signal System
4.1.3.5 Transit Pedestrian Indication
4.1.3.6 Work Zone Safety Alerts for Maintenance Personnel
4.1.3.7 Animal Crossing Warning
4.1.3.8 Motorcycle Approach Indication
4.1.3.9 Motorcycle Approach Warning
4.1.3.10 Slow or Stationary Vehicle Warning for Motorcyclists
4.2 Traffic Management & Optimization Applications
4.2.1 Traffic Light Optimal Speed Advisory
4.2.2 Intelligent Traffic Signal Control
4.2.3 Intelligent On-Ramp Metering
4.2.4 Traffic Signal Priority for Designated Vehicles
4.2.5 V2N-Based Traffic Flow Optimization
4.2.6 Adaptive Traffic Jam Avoidance
4.2.7 Dynamic Speed Harmonization
4.2.8 CACC (Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control)
4.2.9 Flexible Lane Allocation & Control
4.2.10 ETC (Electronic Toll Collection)/Free-Flow Road Use Charging
4.2.11 Zone Access Control for Urban Areas
4.2.12 Road & Infrastructure Deterioration Diagnosis
4.2.13 Probe Vehicle Data
4.2.13.1 Traffic Operations
4.2.13.2 Road Network Monitoring, Maintenance & Planning
4.2.13.3 Other Transport Agency Applications
4.3 Navigation & Traveler/Driver Information Applications
4.3.1 Traffic Information & Recommended Itinerary
4.3.2 Enhanced Route Guidance and Navigation
4.3.3 V2X-Assisted Positioning
4.3.4 Point of Interest Notification
4.3.5 Fueling Information for Conventional, Electric & Alternative Fuel Vehicles
4.3.6 Limited Access Warning & Detour Notification
4.3.7 Work Zone Traveler Information
4.3.8 Enhanced ATIS (Advanced Traveler Information Systems)
4.3.9 Alternative Multi-Modal Transport Information
4.3.10 Smart Parking
4.3.11 Smart Park & Ride
4.4 Transit & Public Transport Applications
4.4.1 Dynamic Public Transport Operations
4.4.1.1 Real-Time Trip Requests
4.4.1.2 Demand-Responsive Scheduling, Dispatching & Routing
4.4.2 Transit Signal Priority
4.4.3 Intermittent Bus Lanes
4.4.4 Protection of Transit Connections
4.4.5 Transit Stop Request
4.4.6 Enhanced ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival) Service
4.4.7 Real-Time Ridesharing
4.4.8 Queue Management for Taxi Services
4.4.9 Route Guidance for the Visually Impaired
4.4.10 Mobile Payments for Public Transport
4.5 Commercial Vehicle Fleet & Roadside Applications
4.5.1 V2I-Based Data Collection for Fleet Management
4.5.2 Hazardous Material Cargo Tracking
4.5.3 Electronic Work Diaries
4.5.4 Freight-Specific Travel Information & Dynamic Routing
4.5.5 Drayage Operations Optimization
4.5.6 Container/Chassis Security & Operational Monitoring
4.5.7 Freight Signal Priority
4.5.8 Loading Zone Management
4.5.9 Smart Roadside Applications for Commercial Vehicles
4.5.10 Wireless Roadside Inspections
4.5.11 Smart Truck Parking
4.5.12 Intelligent Speed Compliance
4.5.13 Heavy Vehicle Road Use Monitoring
4.6 Emergency Services & Public Safety Applications
4.6.1 Approaching Emergency Vehicle Warning
4.6.2 Emergency Vehicle Preemption
4.6.3 Emergency Incident Traffic Management
4.6.3.1 Incident Scene Pre-Arrival Staging Guidance for Emergency Responders
4.6.3.2 Incident Scene Work Zone Alerts for Drivers & Workers
4.6.3.3 Emergency Communications & Evacuation
4.6.4 Vehicle-Associated Information Sharing for Emergency Response
4.6.5 Automatic SOS/Crash Notification Relay
4.6.6 Wide-Area Emergency Alerts
4.6.7 Disaster-Related Traveler Information Broadcast
4.6.8 Stolen Vehicle Notification & Tracking
4.6.9 V2X-Assisted Border Management Systems
4.7 Environmental Sustainability Applications
4.7.1 Eco-Traffic Signal Timing
4.7.2 Eco-Traffic Signal Priority
4.7.3 Eco-Approach and Departure at Signalized Intersections
4.7.4 Eco-Speed Harmonization
4.7.5 Eco-Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control
4.7.6 Eco-Ramp Metering
4.7.7 Eco-Lanes Management
4.7.8 Low Emissions Zone Management
4.7.9 Dynamic Emissions Pricing
4.7.10 Connected Eco-Driving
4.7.11 Eco-Traveler Information Dissemination
4.7.12 Predictive Eco-Routing
4.7.13 Eco-Integrated Corridor Management
4.7.14 Road Environment Monitoring
4.8 Road Weather Management Applications
4.8.1 V2X-Assisted Road Weather Performance Management
4.8.2 Real-Time Alerts and Advisories
4.8.3 Spot Weather Impact Warning
4.8.4 Road Weather Information for Commercial & Emergency Response Vehicles
4.8.5 Weather Responsive Traffic Management
4.8.6 Enhanced MDSS (Maintenance Decision Support Systems)
4.8.7 Monitoring of Road Maintenance Vehicles & Operations
4.9 Value Added Services
4.9.1 Electronic "Drive-Thru" Payments
4.9.2 Wireless Advertising
4.9.3 Automatic Vehicle-Based Access Control
4.9.4 V2V Instant Messaging
4.9.5 V2I & V2V-Assisted Internet Connectivity
4.9.6 Media/Map Downloads
4.9.7 Vehicle Software Provisioning & Updates
4.9.8 Personal Data Synchronization
4.9.9 Vehicle Caravan Organization
4.9.10 Remote Diagnostics & Maintenance
4.9.11 Rental Car Processing
4.9.12 Insurance & Financial Services
4.9.13 Electric Charging Station Management
4.9.14 Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging
4.9.15 Other Applications
4.10 Autonomous Driving & Advanced Applications
4.10.1 Semi & Fully-Autonomous Driving
4.10.2 Cooperative Automated Maneuvering
4.10.3 Vehicle Platooning
4.10.4 Coordinated Signaling for Autonomous Vehicles & Platoons
4.10.5 Real-Time HD Mapping & Autonomous Navigation
4.10.6 Extended Sensors for Situational Awareness
4.10.7 See-Through Visibility
4.10.8 Remote/Tele-Operated Driving
4.10.9 Precision Positioning-Assisted Vulnerable Road User Protection
4.10.10 Data Uploads for Autonomous Driving Algorithm Tuning
4.10.11 Connected Powertrain Optimization

5 Chapter 5: V2X Deployment Case Studies
5.1 AACVTE (Ann Arbor Connected Vehicle Test Environment): Setting a Standard for the Nationwide Implementation of V2X
5.1.1 Historical Roots: SPMD (Safety Pilot Model Deployment)
5.1.2 Transition from a Model Deployment to an Operational V2X Environment
5.1.3 AACVTE Deployment Status
5.1.4 Supported V2X Applications
5.1.5 Key Achievements & Future Plans
5.2 AURORA Connected Vehicle Test Bed: Promoting Safe, Smart Transportation Through V2X
5.2.1 Supporting Efforts for Safe, Smart Transportation in British Columbia & Canada
5.2.2 AURORA Test Bed Overview
5.2.3 Supported V2X Applications
5.2.4 Future Research Ventures
5.3 BMW Group: Pushing C-V2X Adoption Worldwide
5.3.1 Commitment to C-V2X Technology
5.3.2 Efforts to Urge the Adoption of Technology-Neutral Legislation for V2X Communications
5.3.3 V2X Engagements in Europe & Abroad
5.3.4 Supported V2X Applications
5.3.5 Commercial Rollout Plans
5.4 CDOT's (Colorado Department of Transportation) RoadX: Building Colorado’s IoR (Internet of Roads) with V2X
5.4.1 RoadX "Connection" Action Area: V2X Development Program
5.4.2 V2X Deployment Status
5.4.3 Supported V2X Applications
5.4.4 Future Plans for Full-Scale Deployment
5.5 City of Wuxi's LTE-V2X Project: Deploying China's First City-Level V2X Implementation
5.5.1 Establishing a City-Level LTE-V2X Demonstration Area
5.5.2 V2X Deployment Status
5.5.3 Supported V2X Applications
5.5.4 Next Steps & Plans for Full-Scale Adoption
5.6 Daimler: Leveraging Cellular Technology for V2X Applications
5.6.1 Daimler's Position on IEEE 802.11p and C-V2X Technologies
5.6.2 Car-to-X Communication via Cellular Radio
5.6.3 V2X Engagements Worldwide
5.6.4 Supported V2X Applications
5.6.5 Commercial Rollout Plans
5.7 Ford Motor Company: Fast Tracking C-V2X Technology into Vehicles
5.7.1 Validating C-V2X Technology in Ford Vehicles
5.7.2 V2X Engagements Worldwide
5.7.2.1 United States
5.7.2.2 Europe
5.7.2.3 China
5.7.3 Supported V2X Applications
5.7.4 Commercial Rollout Plans
5.8 GM (General Motors): Commercializing the World's First 5.9 GHz V2X-Equipped Vehicles
5.8.1 Rolling Out Production-Ready Vehicle Models with V2X Capabilities in North America
5.8.2 Key Applications Supported by GM's V2X System
5.8.2.1 V2V Applications
5.8.2.2 Planned Support for V2I, V2P & Other Applications
5.8.3 V2X-Equipped Vehicle Models
5.8.4 Prospects of Commercializing V2X in Other Markets
5.9 Groupe PSA: Pursuing Both IEEE 802.11p & C-V2X Technologies
5.9.1 Technology-Neutral Approach Towards V2X
5.9.2 V2X Engagements Worldwide
5.9.2.1 IEEE 802.11p
5.9.2.2 C-V2X
5.9.3 Supported V2X Applications
5.9.4 Commercial Rollout Plans
5.10 Groupe Renault: Testing V2X Connectivity Under Real-Life Traffic Conditions
5.10.1 Support for ITS-G5/IEEE 802.11p
5.10.2 SCOOP@F Project & Other V2X Engagements
5.10.3 Supported V2X Applications
5.10.4 Commercial Rollout Plans
5.11 HKT/PCCW: Utilizing V2X to Empower Smart & Safe Mobility in Hong Kong
5.11.1 Smart Mobility Consortium: Building a C-V2X Powered Smart & Safe Mobility System
5.11.2 Initial Field Trials & Demonstrations
5.11.3 Supported V2X Applications
5.11.4 Future Plans for the Rollout of C-V2X Technology
5.12 InterCor (Interoperable Corridors): Streamlining the Implementation of Cross Border & Interoperable V2X Services
5.12.1 Delivering Interoperable V2X Services Through a Sustainable Network of European C-ITS Corridors
5.12.2 Relationship with the C-Roads Platform
5.12.3 V2X Deployment Overview
5.12.3.1 Dutch Section of the C-ITS Corridor (Netherlands-Germany-Austria)
5.12.3.2 SCOOP@F: French Corridor
5.12.3.3 United Kingdom's A2M2 Connected Corridor
5.12.3.4 Belgium/Flanders C-ITS Initiative
5.12.4 Supported V2X Applications
5.12.5 Testfests to Validate Common Specifications
5.12.5.1 ITS-G5 Services
5.12.5.2 GLOSA (Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory) Pre-Testfest
5.12.5.3 PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) Security
5.12.5.4 Hybrid ITS-G5/Cellular Communications
5.12.5.5 Cross-Border Interoperability
5.12.6 Next Steps: Project Completion, Harmonized V2X Specifications & Testing of Advanced V2X Applications
5.13 Ipswich Connected Vehicle Pilot: Laying the Technical Foundations for V2X Rollouts in Australia
5.13.1 Preparing for the Arrival of V2X on Queensland Roads
5.13.2 Pilot Planning & Deployment Status
5.13.3 Supported V2X Applications
5.13.4 Plans for On-Road Testing & Next Steps
5.14 JLR (Jaguar Land Rover): Making Journeys Safe, Comfortable & Stress-Free with V2X
5.14.1 Enhancing ADAS Capabilities with V2X for Safe & Comfortable Driving
5.14.2 V2X Engagements in the United Kingdom
5.14.3 Supported V2X Applications
5.14.4 Commercial Rollout Plans
5.15 NTT DoCoMo: Leading the Path Towards Connected Cars & Roads of the Future with V2X
5.15.1 Developing C-V2X Technology to Support Future Mobility Use Cases
5.15.2 Initial Field Trials & Demonstrations
5.15.3 Supported V2X Applications
5.15.4 Future Plans for the Rollout of C-V2X Technology
5.16 SAIC Motor Corporation: Powering Intelligent Connected Vehicles with V2X
5.16.1 Advancing the Development of V2X to Facilitate Intelligent Driving
5.16.2 V2X Engagements in China
5.16.3 Supported V2X Applications
5.16.4 Commercial Rollout Plans
5.17 Telstra: Making Australia's Roads Safe, More Efficient & Better-Prepared for Autonomous Driving with V2X
5.17.1 Telstra's V2X Project: Focus on Safety, Traffic Efficiency & Autonomous Driving
5.17.2 Initial Field Trials & Demonstrations
5.17.3 Supported V2X Applications
5.17.4 Future Plans for the Rollout of C-V2X Technology
5.18 Toyota Motor Corporation: Bringing V2X to Mass-Market Vehicle Models
5.18.1 ITS Connect: Commercializing the World's First DSRC-Based V2X System in Japan
5.18.2 Key Applications Supported by the ITS Connect System
5.18.2.1 V2V Applications
5.18.2.2 V2I Applications
5.18.2.3 Planned Support for V2P & Other Applications
5.18.3 V2X-Equipped Vehicle Models & RSU Installation in Japan
5.18.4 Future Plans to Introduce V2X-Equipped Vehicles in the United States & Other Countries
5.19 USDOT Connected Vehicle Pilots: Helping V2X Make the Final Leap into Real-World Deployment
5.19.1 NYC DOT (New York City Department of Transportation) Connected Vehicle Pilot
5.19.1.1 Pilot Deployment Overview
5.19.1.2 Supported V2X Applications
5.19.1.3 Current Status of the Pilot Deployment
5.19.2 THEA (Tampa-Hillsborough Expressway Authority) Connected Vehicle Pilot
5.19.2.1 Pilot Deployment Overview
5.19.2.2 Supported V2X Applications
5.19.2.3 Current Status of the Pilot Deployment
5.19.3 WYDOT (Wyoming Department of Transport) Connected Vehicle Pilot
5.19.3.1 Pilot Deployment Overview
5.19.3.2 Supported V2X Applications
5.19.3.3 Current Status of the Pilot Deployment
5.19.4 Future Plans for Post-Pilot Operations
5.20 Vodafone Group: Improving Road Safety & Traffic Efficiency with V2X
5.20.1 Creating a Step-Change in Road Safety & Traffic Efficiency
5.20.2 Initial Field Trials & Demonstrations
5.20.3 Supported V2X Applications
5.20.4 Future Plans for the Rollout of C-V2X Technology
5.21 Volkswagen Group: Pioneering the Rollout of V2X-Equipped Vehicles in Europe
5.21.1 WLANp: Group-Wide Implementation of IEEE 802.11p-Based V2X Technology in 2019
5.21.1.1 Supported V2X Applications
5.21.1.2 Efforts to Accelerate the Adoption of V2X Technology
5.21.1.3 Integrating V2X-Capable Roadside Infrastructure & Other Road Users
5.21.2 Audi: Delivering V2I Applications via On-Board LTE Connectivity
5.21.3 Ducati Motor Holding: Developing V2X Interoperability Between Motorcycles, Vehicles & Infrastructure
5.21.4 SEAT: Advancing V2X-Based Assisted Driving Applications
5.21.5 TRATON (Scania & MAN): Piloting Platooning & Commercial Vehicle Applications
5.22 Volvo Group/Volvo Trucks: Enabling Truck Platooning & Commercial Vehicle Applications with V2X
5.22.1 Utilizing V2X to Develop Platooning & Commercial Vehicle Applications
5.22.2 V2X Engagements Worldwide
5.22.3 Supported V2X Applications
5.22.4 Commercial Rollout Plans
5.23 Other Notable V2X Engagements
5.23.1 Automotive OEM Commitments
5.23.2 Mobile Operator-Led C-V2X Projects & Trials
5.23.3 Other Commercial, Pilot & Trial V2X Deployments

6 Chapter 6: V2X Spectrum Availability, Allocation & Usage
6.1 Frequency Bands for V2X Communications
6.1.1 Legacy V2I Systems
6.1.1.1 915 MHz
6.1.1.2 Other Sub-1 GHz Bands
6.1.1.3 2.4 GHz
6.1.1.4 5.8 GHz
6.1.2 Advanced V2X Technologies
6.1.2.1 760 MHz
6.1.2.2 3.4 – 3.8 GHz
6.1.2.3 5.9 GHz
6.1.2.4 Higher Frequencies
6.2 North America
6.2.1 United States
6.2.2 Canada
6.3 Asia Pacific
6.3.1 Australia
6.3.2 China
6.3.3 Japan
6.3.4 South Korea
6.3.5 Singapore
6.3.6 Taiwan
6.3.7 Thailand
6.3.8 India
6.3.9 Rest of Asia Pacific
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 EU & EFTA Countries
6.4.2 Turkey
6.4.3 Russia
6.4.4 Other Countries
6.5 Middle East & Africa
6.5.1 GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council)
6.5.2 Iran
6.5.3 Israel
6.5.4 South Africa
6.5.5 Rest of the Middle East & Africa
6.6 Latin & Central America
6.6.1 Brazil
6.6.2 Mexico
6.6.3 Rest of Latin & Central America

List of Figures
Figure 1: The V2X Communications Concept
Figure 2: DSRC-Based V2X Architecture
Figure 3: C-V2X Architecture
Figure 4: Levels of Driving Automation for On-Road Vehicles
Figure 5: Technical & Performance Characteristics of V2X Technologies
Figure 6: PC5 & LTE/NR-Uu Interfaces for C-V2X
Figure 7: Examples of VLC (Visible Light Communications)-Based V2X Application Scenarios
Figure 8: Conceptual Architecture for End-to-End Network Slicing in Mobile Networks
Figure 9: Autonomous Vehicle Generated Data Volume by Sensor (%)
Figure 10: Key Elements of the AURORA Connected Vehicle Test Bed
Figure 11: CDOT (Colorado Department of Transport)-Panasonic V2X Deployment Program
Figure 12: Daimler's Car-to-X Communication System
Figure 13: HKT's C-V2X Trial Network Architecture
Figure 14: Key Elements of NTT DoCoMo's C-V2X Trial
Figure 15: V2V Applications Supported by Toyota's ITS Connect System in Japan
Figure 16: V2I Applications Supported by Toyota's ITS Connect System in Japan
Figure 17: TRATON's IEEE 802.11p-Based Truck Platooning System
Figure 18: C-V2X Evolution in 3GPP Releases 14, 15 & 16
Figure 19: CEPT Frequency Arrangement for V2X Communications
Figure 20: ARC-IT/U.S. National ITS Reference Architecture Structure & Organization
Figure 21: Future Roadmap for V2X Communications: 2019 – 2030
Figure 22: V2X Communications Technology Value Chain
Figure 23: Global V2X Communications Technology Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 24: Global V2X Communications Technology Revenue by Submarket: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 25: Global V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 26: Global V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue by Air Interface Technology: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 27: Global C-V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 28: Global LTE-V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 29: Global 5G NR-V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2023 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 30: Global IEEE 802.11p Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 31: Global IEEE 802.11p-2010 Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 32: Global IEEE 802.11bd/NGV Terminal Equipment Revenue: 2023 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 33: Global V2X OBU Shipments: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 34: Global V2X OBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 35: Global V2X OBU Shipments by Air Interface Technology: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 36: Global V2X OBU Shipment Revenue by Air Interface Technology: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 37: Global C-V2X OBU Shipments: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 38: Global C-V2X OBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 39: Global LTE-V2X OBU Shipments: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 40: Global LTE-V2X OBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 41: Global 5G NR-V2X OBU Shipments: 2023 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 42: Global 5G NR-V2X OBU Shipment Revenue: 2023 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 43: Global IEEE 802.11p OBU Shipments: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 44: Global IEEE 802.11p OBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 45: Global IEEE 802.11p-2010 OBU Shipments: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 46: Global IEEE 802.11p-2010 OBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 47: Global IEEE 802.11bd/NGV OBU Shipments: 2023 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 48: Global IEEE 802.11bd/NGV OBU Shipment Revenue: 2023 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 49: Global V2X RSU Shipments: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 50: Global V2X RSU Shipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 51: Global V2X RSU Shipments by Air Interface Technology: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 52: Global V2X RSU Shipment Revenue by Air Interface Technology: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 53: Global C-V2X RSU Shipments: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 54: Global C-V2X RSU Shipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 55: Global LTE-V2X RSU Shipments: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 56: Global LTE-V2X RSU Shipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 57: Global 5G NR-V2X RSU Shipments: 2023 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 58: Global 5G NR-V2X RSU Shipment Revenue: 2023 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 59: Global IEEE 802.11p RSU Shipments: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 60: Global IEEE 802.11p RSU Shipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 61: Global IEEE 802.11p-2010 RSU Shipments: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 62: Global IEEE 802.11p-2010 RSU Shipment Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 63: Global IEEE 802.11bd/NGV RSU Shipments: 2023 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 64: Global IEEE 802.11bd/NGV RSU Shipment Revenue: 2023 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 65: Global V2X Application Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 66: Global V2X Application Revenue by Category: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 67: Global V2X-Based Road Safety Application Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 68: Global V2X-Based Traffic Management & Optimization Application Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 69: Global V2X-Based Navigation & Traveler/Driver Information Application Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 70: Global V2X-Based Transit & Public Transport Application Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 71: Global V2X-Based Commercial Vehicle Application Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 72: Global V2X-Based Emergency Services & Public Safety Application Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 73: Global V2X-Based Environmental Sustainability Application Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 74: Global V2X-Based Road Weather Management Application Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 75: Global V2X-Based Autonomous Driving & Advanced Application Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 76: Global V2X-Based Value-Added Services Application Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 77: Global V2X Backend Network Element Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 78: Global V2X Security Revenue: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 79: Global V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 80: Global V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base by Air Interface Technology: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 81: Global C-V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 82: Global LTE-V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 83: Global 5G NR-V2X-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2023 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 84: Global IEEE 802.11p-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 85: Global IEEE 802.11p-2010-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 86: Global IEEE 802.11bd/NGV-Equipped Vehicle Installed Base: 2023 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 87: Global V2X RSU Installed Base: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 88: Global V2X RSU Installed Base by Air Interface Technology: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 89: Global C-V2X RSU Installed Base: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 90: Global LTE-V2X RSU Installed Base: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 91: Global 5G NR-V2X RSU Installed Base: 2023 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 92: Global IEEE 802.11p RSU Installed Base: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 93: Global IEEE 802.11p-2010 RSU Installed Base: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 94: Global IEEE 802.11bd/NGV RSU Installed Base: 2023 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 95: V2X Communications Technology Revenue by Region: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 96: V2X Terminal Equipment Revenue by Region: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 97: V2X OBU Shipments by Region: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 98: V2X OBU Shipment Revenue by Region: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 99: V2X RSU Shipments by Region: 2019 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 100: V2X RSU Shipment Revenue by Region: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 101: V2X Application Revenue by Region: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 102: V2X Backend Network Element Revenue by Region: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 103: V2X Security Revenue by Region: 2019 – 2030 ($ Million)